What type of water source is typically treated before distribution in municipal systems?

Municipal water systems primarily treat surface water before distribution to ensure it is safe for public consumption. Surface water, which includes lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, is often subject to contamination from various sources such as agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and urban development. Therefore, extensive treatment processes—such as filtration, disinfection (commonly through chlorination), and sometimes advanced processes like ultrafiltration—are employed to eliminate pathogens and pollutants before the water reaches consumers.

City water, referring to treated potable water provided by municipal systems, is the result of this extensive treatment process. It is the final product that flows through the pipes into homes and businesses, ensuring that the water meets health and safety standards. Unlike untreated groundwater, which may not require the same level of treatment depending on its source, surface water requires robust treatment methods to address potential hazards.